Subject Code & Name: PY25303 – Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Regulation: R-2025
Semester: III (Third Semester)
Branch: B.Tech. Pharmaceutical Technology (Pharma)
Credits / L-T-P: 4 Credits | L-T-P: 3-0-2
Course Objectives
- • To inculcate understanding of the properties and principles of medicinal agents that originates from organic and inorganic sources and their application in pharmaceutical industry.
- To provide the basic functional group identification, molecular rearrangement, chemical bonding with their reaction mechanism.
- To provide the fundamental principles involved in the identification, preparation of pharmaceutical aids and to apply the principle of coordination compounds in pharmaceutical substances.
Full Unit-wise Syllabus
Unit I – Chemical bonding and stereochemistry
Atomic orbitals, molecular orbitals theory, hybrid orbitals, covalent bond, polarity of bonds and molecules, dipole moment, inductive, mesomeric and electromeric effects, intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding, Isomers, optical activity, stereoisomerism, specification of configuration, chirality.
Activities: Group discussions, quizzes, MCQs, assignments, model-based activities, and visual learning exercises on chemical bonding, hybridization, polarity, isomerism, chirality, stereochemistry, and optical activity.
Unit II – Organic chemistry
Halides, Aromatic Compounds and Heterocycle Characteristics of organic compounds, structure, nomenclature, preparation and reaction mechanism of alkyl and aryl halides, Nucleophilic aliphatic substitution reaction, Elimination reactions, electrophilic addition reactions, Huckel’s rule, synthesis, properties and chemical reactions of benzenoid and nonbenzenoid compounds, Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, General principles of heterocyclic synthesis – Methods of preparation and reactions of Pyridines – Pyrroles – Thiophenes – Furans – Quinolines – Isoquinolines.
Activities: Group discussions, quizzes, MCQs, assignments, case studies, reaction mechanism analysis, and visual learning activities on organic reactions, aromaticity, heterocyclic compounds, synthesis, properties, and electrophilic substitution reactions.
Unit III – Pharmaceutical inorganic Chemistry
Impurities and Limit tests Identification and characterization of impurities in pharmaceutical substances, Limit tests: Definition, importance, general procedure for limit test for chlorides, sulphates, iron, arsenic, heavy metals and lead with suitable examples. Identification test for Magnesium sulphate, Ferrous sulphate, Calcium carbonate, Copper sulphate.
Activities: Group discussions, quizzes, MCQs, assignments, case-based learning, and visual activities on pharmaceutical impurities, limit tests, identification tests, heavy metal contamination, and significance of purity standards in pharmaceuticals.
Unit IV – Test for purity
Swelling power of Bentonite, Neutralizing capacity of aluminum hydroxide gel, Determination of potassium iodate and iodine in potassium Iodide Preparation of inorganic pharmaceuticals: Boric acid, Potash alum and Ferrous sulphate. Nitrosoamines impurities.
Activities: Group discussions, quizzes, MCQs, assignments, interpretation-based exercises, and visual learning activities on purity testing, pharmaceutical standards, preparation of inorganic compounds, impurity control, and nitrosoamine contamination.
Unit V – Preparation of Organic Pharmaceuticals
Formylation reactions, Gattermann Reaction, Gattermann-Koch reaction, Vilsmeier reaction, Meerwein-Ponndorf Verley, Birch reduction, Clemmenson, Sandmeyer, Haloform reactions, Azo coupling, Pechmann reaction, Benzidine rearrangement.
Activities: Group discussions, quizzes, MCQs, assignments, reaction pathway analysis, and visual learning activities on name reactions, reagents, reaction mechanisms, and prediction of reaction products in organic pharmaceutical synthesis.
List of Experiments
- Module I - Chemical Bonding and Stereochemistry
- Model construction and visualization of hybrid orbitals and molecular geometry.
- Identification and interpretation of optical isomers and stereochemical configurations.
- Study of intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding using molecular models.
- Demonstration of chirality and optical activity using standard compounds/models. Module II - Organic Chemistry: Halides, Aromatic Compounds and Heterocycles
- Synthesis of compounds by hydrolysis reaction: Preparation of Salicylic acid from alkyl benzoate.
- Synthesis of compounds by oxidation reaction: Preparation of Benzoic acid from benzyl chloride.
- Electrophilic substitution reactions: Benzoylation – Preparation of Benzanilide, Phenyl benzoate, 2-Naphthyl benzoate.
- Acetylation reaction: Preparation of Aspirin.
- Nitration reactions: Preparation of Picric acid, p-Nitroaniline, m-Dinitrobenzene.
- Halogenation reaction: Preparation of p-Bromoacetanilide. Module III - Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry: Impurities and Limit Tests
- Identification tests for pharmaceutical inorganic compounds: Magnesium sulphate, Ferrous sulphate, Calcium carbonate, Copper sulphate.
- Limit tests for impurities in pharmaceutical substances: Chlorides, sulphates, iron, arsenic, heavy metals and lead.
- Determination of potassium iodate and iodine in potassium iodide. Module IV - Test for Purity and Preparation of Inorganic Pharmaceuticals
- Determination of swelling power of Bentonite.
- Determination of neutralizing capacity of aluminium hydroxide gel.
- Preparation of inorganic pharmaceuticals: Preparation of Boric acid, Potash alum and Ferrous sulphate.
- Demonstration and discussion on nitrosoamine impurities and impurity control measures. Module V - Preparation of Organic Pharmaceuticals and Name Reactions
- Haloform reaction: Iodoform synthesis.
- Pechmann reaction: Synthesis of 7-Hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin.
- Diazotization and azo coupling reaction: Synthesis of 1-Phenyl azo-2-naphthol.
- Demonstration and interpretation of pharmaceutical name reactions: Gattermann, Gattermann–Koch, Vilsmeier, Sandmeyer, Birch reduction, Clemmensen reduction, Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reaction, Benzidine rearrangement.
Course Outcomes (COs)
- CO1: Understand the fundamental concepts of molecular structure, bonding, hybridization, resonance, electronic effects, and hydrogen bonding.
- CO2: Apply nomenclature rules and reaction principles to classify and explain the preparation and properties of aliphatic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic compounds.
- CO3: Analyze the mechanisms of electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions and the reactivity of important heterocyclic compounds.
- CO4: Evaluate pharmaceutical substances for impurities using standard limit tests and interpret their significance in quality control and regulatory compliance.
- CO5: Analyze and compare the mechanisms, selectivity, and synthetic applications of important organic reactions and molecular rearrangements.
- CO6: Integrate the knowledge of pharmaceutical aids and coordination compounds to explain their applications in drug formulation, stabilization, and metal ion chelation.
Assessment Pattern (Quick Note)
- Weightage: Continuous Assessment 40% | End Semester Examinations 60%
- Internal methodology: Assignments (20%), Solution to application-oriented problems using software (20%), Solving of GATE questions (20%), Internal Examinations (40%)
Source: Official Anna University – B.Tech. Pharmaceutical Technology R-2025 Curriculum
Last Updated: September 2026
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