Subject Code & Name: BT25305 – Cell Biology
Regulation: R-2025
Semester: III (Third Semester)
Branch: B.Tech. Biotechnology (Biotech)
Credits / L-T-P: 4 Credits | L-T-P: 3-0-2
Course Objectives
- • To develop a comprehensive understanding of cell structure, functions, fundamental cellular processes and to equip learners with competencies in modern techniques for cellular analysis.
Full Unit-wise Syllabus
Unit I – Cell Structure and Function Of The Organelles
Discovery of cells – Basic properties of cell - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells - Sub-cellular organelles and functions – Structure and function of the plasma membrane: Structure and functions of membrane proteins , membrane lipids and membrane fluidity dynamic nature of the plasma membrane - Extra cellular matrix: Interaction of cells with extracellular materials, interactions of cell with other cells, tight junctions, gap junctions, cell –cell junctions.
Practical: 1. Identification of bacterial, plant and animal cell 2. Preparation of transverse sections of monocot and dicot roots and stems by staining and slide preparation for microscopic observation.
Activities: Create a model of a cellular structure.
Unit II – Cell Division and Cytoskeleton Proteins
Cytoskeleton and cell motility: functions of cytoskeleton, study of the cytoskeleton, microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments, muscle contractility – Mitosis: and Meiosis- Cell cycle: different phases of cell cycle - Regulation of cell cycle: cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases-Cancer: Basic properties of cancer cell, causes of cancer, genetics of cancer- Role of Ras and Raf in oncogenesis and apoptosis.
Practical: 1. Cell viability using Trypan blue assay. 2. Staining for different stages of mitosis in Allium cepa (onion) 3. Meiotic cell division in Hibiscus flower buds
Activities: Construction of a three-dimensional model representing cytoskeletal components, including microtubules and actin filaments, to illustrate their structural organization.
Unit III – Principles Of Membrane Transport
Overview on membrane transport - Passive and Active Transport - Bacterial Permeases - Ion channels - ATP pumps and ionic transport environment -Na+ / K+ /Ca+2 pumps – uniport - symport - antiporter system - Ligand gated / voltage gated channels and the propagation of action potentials in nerve cells; Acetylcholine-gated cation channels leads to muscle contraction - Agonists and Antagonists.
Practical: 1. Study of Tonicity using red blood cells (Appropriate ethical guidelines). 2. Study of Osmosis across semi permeable membrane using dialysis tube.
Activities: Create a chart comparing all membrane transport mechanisms.
Unit IV – Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction
Receptors -– Extracellular signaling- Cell surface and cytosolic receptors - Different classes of receptors autocrine, paracrine, endocrine models – Secondary messengers molecules: calcium signaling.
Activities: Preparation of flowcharts illustrating major signaling pathways. e.g. Receptor tyrosine kinase, Calcium signalling.
Unit V – Techniques Used to Study Cells
Cell fractionation and flow cytometry, Morphology and identification of cells using microscopic studies like SEM, TEM and Confocal Microscopy. Localization of proteins in cells – Immunostaining.
Practical: 1.Cell fractionation using centrifugation techniques.
Activities: Comparative analysis of cellular images obtained from SEM, TEM, and confocal microscopy to evaluate differences in resolution, magnification, and ultrastructural details.
Course Outcomes (COs)
- CO1: Understand the structure, organization, and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- CO2: Apply the principles of cell division, cell cycle regulation, and apoptosis to biological systems.
- CO3: Analyze membrane structure, function, and transport mechanisms in cellular processes. (3).
- CO4: Evaluate the role of cell receptors and signaling pathways in cellular communication and regulation.
- CO5: Design and perform cell biology experiments using microscopy, cell fractionation, and flow cytometry techniques.
Assessment Pattern (Quick Note)
- Weightage: Continuous Assessment 50% | End Semester Examinations 50%
- Internal methodology: Assignments/module activities (10%), Laboratory performance and record (20%), Practical skill assessment (20%), Internal Examinations (50%)
Source: Official Anna University – B.Tech. Biotechnology R-2025 Curriculum
Last Updated: September 2026
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